### Software Requirements

SoftwareRequirements

 Android iOS Windows MacOS with best with Chrome Chrome Chrome Chrome support fullscreen? Yes. Chrome/Opera No. Firefox/ Sumsung Internet Not yet Yes Yes cannot work on some mobile browser that don't understand JavaScript such as..... cannot work on Internet Explorer 9 and below

### Credits

Lee Tat Leong slightly remixed by lookang (This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.); This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

### end faq

http://iwant2study.org/lookangejss/02_newtonianmechanics_3dynamics/ejss_model_AtwoodMachine2wee/AtwoodMachine2wee_Simulation.xhtml

### Apps

https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ionicframework.atwoodmachineapp294376&hl=en

### Sample Learning Goals

Investigate the relation between the mass and the acceleration of the system

• keep the external force (hanging mass) constant
• add mass to the cart

### Equations

The Atwood machine (or Atwood's machine) was invented in 1784 by the English mathematicianGeorge Atwood as a laboratory experiment to verify the mechanical laws of motion with constant acceleration. Atwood's machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of classical mechanics.

The idea frictionlessl Atwood Machine consists of two objects of mass (Mass of cart M plus additional mass added Madd ) and m (hanging mass), connected by an inextensible massless string over an ideal massless pulley[1]

When M+Madd = m, the machine is in neutral equilibrium or net force is equal to zero, regardless of the position of the weights.

When M+Madd ≠ m the system of masses experience uniform acceleration.

We are able to derive an equation for the acceleration by using force analysis or free body diagram. If we consider a massless, inextensible string and an ideal frictionless pulley.

As a sign convention, we assume that a is positive when downward for m and to the right for M+Madd

By considering free body diagram of M+Madd we get

F = ma

T - f = (M+Madd)a

where

T is the tension pointing towards the right on the cart and added mass system

f is the friction force on the cart and added mass system on the wheels (assume to be a single force pointing left, thus the minus sign)

a is the acceleration of the cart and added mass system

Similarly, by considering the free body diagram of the hanging mass

F = ma by continous motion, downwards as positive,

mg - T = ma

by subsitiution,

T = (M+Madd)a +f =mg -ma

we get

$$a = \frac{mg - f}{M+M_{add}+m}$$

to get an equation of removing f, consider the forces of the cart and added mass system in the vertical direction

F = ma

R - (M+Madd) g = 0

in addtional, the frictional model is related by this equation

f ≤ μR

in motion, assume f = μR

therefore, the equatio of acceleration can be simplified to

$$a = \frac{mg - \mu R}{M+M_{add}+m}$$

$$a = \frac{mg - \mu (M+M_{add})g}{M+M_{add}+m}$$

m is the hanging mass
g is thegravitational acceleration
μ is the coefficient of friction
M is the mass of the cart

### For Teachers

This simulation is to recreate Walter Fendt's Newton's Second Law applet (http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/n2law.htm). The purpose is to align with Modelling Instructions approach to formulate F = ma with experiment conducted with motion sensor rather than light gate.

 example data set collected across varying m from 0.30 to 0.50 kg which result in increasing amount of curve in the parabolic of the model form, x = x0 + vo*t +0.5*a*t^2Modified Atwood Machine JavaScript HTML5 Applet Simulation Model by Tat Leong Lee and Loo Kang Wee

 example data set collected across varying addM from 0 to 0.30 kg which result in decreasing amount of curve in the parabolic of the model form, x = x0 + vo*t +0.5*a*t^2Modified Atwood Machine JavaScript HTML5 Applet Simulation Model by Tat Leong Lee and Loo Kang Wee

### 6.4 Dynamics: Map of key concepts and ideas covered at upper secondary level Motion of objects Key inquiry question:

#### Why do objects on Earth and in the Universe move the way they do?

1. Mass, weight and density

• Mass is a measure of the amount of substance in a body. A body’s mass resists a change in the state of rest or motion of the body (inertia).

• Density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of the substance i.e. density = mass / volume (ρ = m/V). Density can be measured as the mass of 1 cm3 of any substance.

• Mass, a measure of the amount of substance in an object has a magnitude only (scalar), whereas weight, which is the force acting on a body in a gravitational field, has both magnitude and direction (vector).

• Using Newton’s 2nd law, Force = mass x acceleration; Weight = mass x acceleration due to gravity (or gravitational field strength) (W = mg).

2. Newton’s laws of motion

• Newton’s Laws of motion may be applied to: describe the effect of balanced and unbalanced forces on a body; describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body; and identify actionreaction pairs acting on two interacting bodies.

• Newton’s 1st law states that an object remains at rest or continues with constant speed in a straight line when no resultant force acts on it (no resultant force means that all the forces acting on the object are balanced). • Newton’s 2nd law states that the resultant force on a body = the mass of the body x acceleration of the body (F = ma). The direction of the acceleration is the same as the direction of the resultant force acting on the body.

• Newton’s 3rd law states that the forces of two bodies on each other (action-reaction pair) are always equal and act along the same line in opposite directions. The two forces (action-reaction pair) are of the same type. Force always appears in pair. The existence of a single force is impossible.

3. Free-body diagrams

• Free-body diagrams and vector graphical diagrams may be used to represent and analyse the forces acting on a body.

• A free-body diagram shows the forces acting on a body only, not the forces the body exerts on other bodies.

• The resultant force acting on the body can be found using graphical methods (parallelogram method or ‘head-to-tail’ method).

### Students’ prior knowledge of Dynamics and Gravitational field

Primary level:

Students learn about mass (a measure of the amount of matter in a body) and volume (the amount of space that a body occupies) and the use of appropriate apparatus to measure these quantities (e.g. use of a lever balance, an electronic balance, a measuring cylinder, a syringe, and a measuring jug). However, the concept of density is not introduced although students do simple experiments to investigate the ability of objects of different materials (plastics, wood, rubber and metals) to float/sink in water.

Students recognize that objects have weight because of the gravitational force between them and the Earth and that weight is different at different places, and can be measured using a spring balance or a weighing scale.

Lower secondary level:

Students learn that:

• the density of a substance is the mass of the substance per unit volume, and can be used to predict whether objects sink or float.

• gravity exists between any two objects (e.g. ball and Earth). The weight of an object depends on the force of gravity pulling on that object. Students’ common misconceptions and learning difficulties in Dynamics and Gravitational field

Newton’s first law:

Students often think that:

• a force is required to maintain an object in its motion;

• if there is no motion, there is no force acting;

• constant speed results from a constant force;

• friction (instead of inertia) causes objects to resist a change in its state of rest or motion.

Newton’s second law:

Students often think that:

• a larger velocity means a larger resultant force;

• acceleration implies increasing force;

• greater mass implies greater force;

• a force cannot move an object unless it is greater than the object’s weight;

• heavier objects fall faster than light objects.

Newton’s third law:

Students often think that force is a single physical quantity associated with a single object rather than as an interaction between two objects which must therefore exist as an action reaction pair. They have difficulty in understanding that:

• two objects of greatly differing masses (e.g. Earth and us) exert forces of equal magnitude on each other;

• the normal force on an object and the weight of the object do not always have equal magnitudes;

• gravity acts on an object all the time (not just when it is falling).

[text]

### Other Resources

1. http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/n2law.htm
2. https://www.geogebra.org/m/hh9CGse3#material/K6afWTwQ
3. https://www.geogebra.org/m/ztUKm6QV Moment of Inertia: Rolling and Sliding Down an Incline by  ukukuku